Last Search run on 15 Feb 1999, at 18:24
Last modified on 15 Feb 1999, at 18:38
Contains 652 references

1. Aiello A. 1984. Adelpha (Nymphalidae): deception on the wing. Psyche 91:1-45

2. Aiello A, Brown KS. 1988. Mimicry by illusion in a sexually dimorphic, day-flying moth, Dysschema jansonis (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Pericopinae). J. Res. Lepid. 26:173-76

3. Alatalo RV, Mappes J. 1996. Tracking the evolution of warning signals. Nature 382:708-10

4. Alcock J. 1969. Observational learning by fork-tailed flycatchers. Anim. Behav. 17:652-57

5. Alcock J. 1971. Interspecific differences in avian feeding behaviour and the evolution of Batesian mimicry. Behaviour 40:1-9

6. Aldrich JR, Blum MS. 1978. Aposematic aggregation of a bug (Hemiptera-Coreidae) - defensive display and formation of aggregations. Biotropica 10:58-61

7. Alexander RD. 1974. The evolution of social behaviour. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 5:325-83

8. Allen JA. 1972. Evidence for stabilizing and apostatic selection by wild blackbirds. Nature 237:348-49

9. Allen JA, Clarke B. 1968. Evidence for apostatic selection by wild passerines. Nature 220:501-2

10. Alonso-Mejía A, Marquez M. 1994. Dragonfly predation on butterflies in a tropical dry forest. Biotropica 26:341-44

11. Anon. 1892. [Henry Walter Bates]. Entomol. xxx:000-000

12. Anon. 1924. Henry Walter Bates: "Insecta". Rev. Illustr. Entomol. 13:145-56

13. Anonymous. 1972. Jumping for life. Nature 235:312

14. Anstett MC, Gibernau M, Hossaert-McKey M. 1998. Partial avoidance of female inflorescences of a dioecious fig by their mutualistic pollinating wasps. Proc. Roy. Entomol. Soc. Lond. B 265:45-50

15. Aplin RT, D'Arcy Ward R, Rothschild M. 1975. Examination of large and small white butterflies (Pieris spp) for presence of mustard oils and mustard oil glycosides. Entomol. 50:73-78

16. Arak A, Enquist M. 1993. Hidden preferences and the evolution of signals. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 340:207-14

17. Arak A, Enquist M. 1995. Conflict, receiver bias and the evolution of signal form. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 349:337-44

18. Araújo AM, Valente VLS. 1981. Observaçôes sobre alguns lepidópteros e drosofilídeos do Parque do Turvo, RS. Ciência e Cultura 33:1485-90

19. Arnqvist G, Byström P. 1991. Disruptive selection on prey group size: a case for parasitoids? Amer. Nat. 137:268-73

20. Atkinson WD, Warwick T. 1983. The role of selection in the colour polyonorphism of Littorina rudis Maton and Littorina arcana Hannaford - Ellis (Prosobranchia: Littorinidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 20:137-51

21. Baker RR. 1970. Bird predation as a selective pressure on the immature stages of the cabbage butterflies, Pieris rapae and P. brassicae. J. Zool. 162:43-59

22. Balsbaugh EU. 1988. Mimicry and the Chrysomelidae. In Biology of the Chrysomelidae, ed. P Jolivet, E Petitpierre, TH Hsiao:261-84. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers

23. Bantock CR, Harvey PH. 1974. Colour polymorphism and selective experiments. J. Biol. Educ. 8:323-29

24. Barnard CJ. 1979. Predation and the evolution of social mimicry in birds. Amer. Nat. 113:613-18

25. Barret JA. 1976. The maintenance of non-mimetic forms in a dimorphic Batesian mimic species. Evolution 30:82-85

26. Barrett JA. 1976. The maintenance of non-mimetic forms in dimorphic batesian mimic species. Evolution 30:82-85

27. Bates HW. 1862. Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidae. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23:495-566

28. Bates HW. 1863. A Naturalist on the River Amazons. London: John Murray

29. Bates HW. 1879. [commentary on Müller's paper]. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1879:xxviii-ix

30. Baylis JR. 1979. Optical Signals and Interspecific Communication. In The Behavioral Significance of Color, ed. EHJ Burtt:361-77. New York and London: Garland STPM Press

31. Beccaloni GW. 1995. Studies on the ecology and evolution of Neotropical ithomiine butterflies (Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae). Ph.D. Thesis. Imperial College, London

32. Beccaloni GW. 1997. Ecology, natural history and behaviour of ithomiine butterflies and their mimics in Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae). Trop. Lepid. 8:103-24

33. Beccaloni G. 1997. Vertical stratification of ithomiine butterfly (Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae) mimicry complexes: the relationship between adult flight height and larval host-plant height. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 62:313-41

34. Begossi A, Benson WW. 1988. Host plants and defense mechanisms in Oedionychina (Alticinae). In Biology of the Chrysomelidae, ed. P Jolivet, E Petitpierre, TH Hsiao:57-71. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers

35. Benson WW. 1972. Natural selection for Müllerian mimicry in Heliconius erato in Costa Rica. Science 176:936-39

36. Benson WW. 1977. On the supposed spectrum between Batesian and Müllerian mimicry. Evolution 31:454-55

37. Benson WW. 1982. Alternative models for infrageneric diversification in the humid tropics: tests with passion vine butterflies. In Biological Diversification in the Tropics, ed. GT Prance:608-40. New York, NY: Columbia Univ. Press

38. Blaisdell M. 1982. Natural theology and Nature's disguises. J. Hist. Biol. 15:163-89

39. Blest AD. 1957. The evolution of protective displays in the Saturnioidea and Sphingidae (Lepidoptera). Behaviour 11:257-309

40. Blest AD. 1957. The function of eyespot patterns in the Lepidoptera. Behaviour 11:209-56

41. Blest AD. 1959. A study of the biology of saturniid moths in the Canal Zone biological area. Annual Report Smithsonian Institution 1959:447-64

42. Blest AD. 1963. Longevity, palatability and natural selection in five species of New World Satumiid moth. Nature 197:1183-86

43. Blest AD. 1963. Relations between moths and predators. Nature 197:1046-47

44. Blest AD. 1964. Protective display and sound production in some new world Arctiid and Ctenuchid moths. Zoologica, N.Y. 49:161-81

45. Blest AD. *. A study of the biology of Saturnid moths in the Canal Zone Bilogical Area.

46. Blest AD, Collett TS, Pye JD. 1963. The generation of ultrasonic signals by a New World Arctiid moth. Proc. Roy. Entomol. Soc. Lond. B 158:196-207

47. Borg-Karlson AK, Tengö J. 1986. Odor mimetism? Key substances in Ophrys lutea-Andrena pollination relationship (Orchidaceae: Andrenidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 12:1927-41

48. Bowers DM, Larin Z. 1989. Acquired chemical defense in the lycaenid butterfly, Eumaeus atala. J. Chem. Ecol. 15:1133-46

49. Bowers MD. 1980. Unpalatability as a defense strategy of Euphydryas phaeton (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Evolution 34:586-600

50. Bowers MD. 1983. Mimicry in North American checkerspot butterflies Euphydryas phaeton and Chlosyne harrisii (Nymphalidae). Ecol. Entomol. 8:1-8

51. Bowers MD. 1993. Aposematic caterpillars: life-styles of the warningly colored and unpalatable. In Caterpillars. Ecological and Evolutionary Constraints on Foraging, ed. NE Stamp, TM Casey:331-71. New York: Chapman and Hall

52. Bowers MD, Crabtree RC, Harrison SP, Sobrevilla C, Wells M, Wolfe LM. 1987. Predation on adults of Anartia fatima (Fab). J. Lepid. Soc. 41:75-76

53. Bowers MD, Wiernasz DC. 1979. Avian predation on the palatable butterfly, Cercyonis pegala (Satyridae). Ecol. Entomol. 4:205-9

54. Bowers MD, Williams EH. 1995. Variable chemical defence in the checkerspot butterfly Euphydryas gillettii (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae. Ecol. Entomol. 20:208-12

55. Boyden TC. 1976. Butterfly palatability and mimicry: experiments with Ameiva lizards. Evolution 30:73-81

56. Boyden TC. 1976. Butterfly palatabilty and mimicry: experiments with Ameiva lizards. Evolution 30:73-81

57. Brakefield PM. 1984. The ecological genetics of quantitative characters of Maniola jurtina and other butterflies. In The Biology of Butterflies, ed. RI Vane-Wright, PR Ackery:167-90. 11 in Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London. London: Academic Press

58. Brakefield PM. 1985. Polymorphic Müllerian mimicry and interactions with thermal melanism in ladybirds and a soldier beetle a hypothesis. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 26:243-67

59. Brakefield PM, French V. 1993. Butterfly wing patterns - developmental mechanisms and evolutionary change. Acta Biotheoret. 41:447-68

60. Brakefield PM, Gates J, Keys D, Kesbeke F, Wijngaarden PJ, Monteiro A, French V, Carroll SB. 1996. Development, plasticity and evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns. Nature 384:236-42

61. Brakefield PM, Larsen TB. 1984. The evolutionary significance of dry and wet season forms in some tropical butterflies. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 22:1-12

62. Brakefield PM, Liebert TG. 1985. Studies of colour polymorphism in some marginal populations of the aposematic jerseytiger moth Callimorpha quadripunctaria. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 26:225-41

63. Brandon RA, Labanick GM, Huheey JE. 1979. Relative palatability, defenseve begavior, and mimetic relationships of red salamanders (Pseudotriton ruber), mud salamanders (Pseudotriton montanus), and red ofts (Notophthalmus viridescens). Herpetologica 35:289-303

64. Brockmann HJ, Hailman JP. 1976. Fish cleaning symbiosis: notes on juvenile angelfishes (Pomacanthus, Chaetondontidae) and comparisons with other species. Z. Tierpsychol. 42:129-38

65. Brodie ED, Janzen FJ. 1995. Experimental studies of coral snake mimicry -- generalized avoidance of ringed snake patterns by free-ranging predators. Funct. Ecol. 9:186-90

66. Brooke M de L. 1988. Egg mimicry by cuckoo Cuculus canorum in relation to discrimination by hosts. Nature 335:630-32

67. Brower AVZ. 1994. Rapid morphological radiation and convergence among races of the butterfly Heliconius erato inferred from patterns of mitochondrial DNA evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 91:6491-95

68. Brower AVZ. 1995. Locomotor mimicry in butterflies? A critical review of the evidence. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 347:413-25

69. Brower AVZ. 1996. Parallel race formation and the evolution of mimicry in Heliconius butterflies: a phylogenetic hypothesis from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Evolution 50:195-221

70. Brower JVZ. 1958. Experimental studies of mimicry. IV. The reaction of starlings to different proportions of models and mimics. Amer. Nat. 94:271-72

71. Brower JVZ. 1960. Experimental studies of mimicry IV. The reaction of starlings to different proportions of models and mimics. Amer. Nat. 94:271-82

72. Brower LP. 1969. Ecological chemistry. Sci. Amer. 220:2-9

73. Brower LP. 1969. Ecological chemistry. Sci. Amer. 220:22-29

74. Brower LP. 1984. Chemical defence in butterflies. In The Biology of Butterflies, ed. RI Vane-Wright, PR Ackery:109-34. 11 in Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London. London: Academic Press

75. Brower LP, ed. 1988. Evolution of Mimicry. 131 in American Naturalist. Supplement.

76. Brower LP, Alcock J, Brower JVZ. 1971. Avian feeding behaviour and the selective advantage of incipient mimicry. In Ecological Genetics and Evolution, ed. R Creed:261-74. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific

77. Brower LP, Brower JVZ. 1962. The relative abundance of model and mimic butterflies in natural populations of the Battus philenor complex. Ecology 43:154-58

78. Brower LP, Brower JVZ. 1964. Birds, butterflies and plant poisons: a study in ecological chemistry. Zoologica, N.Y. 49:137-59

79. Brower LP, Brower JVZ, Collins CT. 1963. Experimental studies of mimicry. 7. Relative palatability and Müllerian mimicry among Neotropical butterflies of the subfamily Heliconiinae. Zoologica, N.Y. 48:65-84

80. Brower LP, Brower JVZ, Stiles FG, Croze HJ, Hower AS. 1964. Mimicry: differential advantage of color patterns in the natural environment. Science 144:183-85

81. Brower LP, Cook LM, Croze HJ. 1967. Predator responses to artificial Batesian mimics released in a Neotropical environment. Evolution 21:11-23

82. Brower LP, Edmunds M, Moffitt CM. 1975. Cardenolide content and palatability in a population of Danaus chrysippus butterflies from West Africa. J. Entomol. (A) 49:183-96

83. Brower LP, Glazier SC. 1975. Localization of heart poisons in the monarch butterfly. Science 188:19-25

84. Brower LP, Pough FH, Meck HR. 1970. Theoretical investigations of automimicry. I. Single trial learning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 66:1059-66

85. Brower LP, Ryerson WN, Coppinger LI, Glazier SC. 1968. Ecological chemistry and the palatability spectrum. Science 161:1342-81

86. Brown KS. 1977. Centros de evoluçâo, refúgios quaternários e conservaçâo de patrimônios genéticos na regiâo neotropical: padrôes de diferenciaçâo em Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Acta Amaz. 7:75-137

87. Brown KS. 1977. Geographical patterns of evolution in Neotropical forest Lepidoptera (Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae and Nymphalidae-Heliconiini). In Biogeographie et Evolution en Amérique Tropicale, ed. H Descimon:118-60. 9 in Publications du Laboratoire de Zoologie de L'ecole Normale Superieure. Paris

88. Brown KS. 1980. A review of the genus Hypothyris Hübner (Nymphalidae), with descriptions of three new subspecies and early stages of H. daphnis. J. Lepid. Soc. 34:152-72

89. Brown KS. 1982. Historical and ecological factors in the biogeography of aposematic Neotropical butterflies. Amer. Zoologist 22:453-71

90. Brown KS. 1984. Adult-obtained pyrrolizidine alkaloids defend ithomiine butterflies against a spider predator. Nature 309:707-9

91. Brown KS. 1984. Chemical ecology of dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids in adult Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 44:435-60

92. Brown KS. 1988. Mimicry, aposematism and crypsis in neotropical Lepidoptera: the importance of dual signals. Bull. Soc. Zool. France 113:83-101

93. Brown KS, Benson WW. 1974. Adaptive polymorphism associated with multiple Müllerian mimicry in Heliconius numata (Lepid.: Nymph.). Biotropica 6:205-28

94. Brown KS, Francini RB. 1990. Evolutionary strategies of chemical defense in aposematic butterflies: cyanogenesis in Asteraceae-feeding American Acraeinae. Chemoecology 1:52-56

95. Brown KS, Trigo JR. 1995. Multi-level complexity in the use of plant allelochemicals by aposematic insects. Chemoecology 5/6:119-26

96. Brown KS, Trigo JR, Francini RB, Barros de Morais AB, Motta PC. 1991. Aposematic insects on toxic host plants: coevolution, colonization, and chemical emancipation. In Plant-Animal Interactions: Evolutionary Ecology in Tropical and Temperate Regions, ed. PW Price, TM Lewinsohn, GW Fernandes, WW Benson:375-402. New York: John Wiley

97. Brown KS, Vasconcellos-Neto J. 1976. Predation on aposematic ithomiine butterflies by tanagers (Pipraeida melanonota). Biotropica 8:136-41

98. Bullini L, Sbordoni V. 1970. Evoluzione del mimetismo in Zygaena ephialtes (L.) (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Atti Ass. Genet. Ital. 15:207-9

99. Bullini L, Sbordoni V, Ragazzini P. 1969. Mimetismo mülleriano in popolazione italiane di Zygaena ephialtes (L.) (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Arch. Zool. Ital. 44:181-214

100. Burd M. 1989. Butterfly wing color pattern, background complexity and flight stratification in the Barro Colorado Island forest. Rep. STRI Short-term Fellowship :8 pp

101. Burd M. 1994. Butterfly wing colour patterns and flying heights in the seasonally wet forest of Barro Colorado Island, Panama. J. Trop. Ecol. 10:601-10

102. Burns JM. 1966. Preferential mating versus mimicry. Science 153:551-53

103. Burns JM. 1983. Queen of the Carolinas (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae: Danaus gilippus). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 85:388-96

104. Butlin R. 1993. The evolution of defensive signalling. Ciba Foundation Bulletin 34:18-19

105. Cade WH. 1981. Field cricket spacing, and the phonotaxis of crickets and parasitoid flies to clumped and isolated songs. Z. Tierpsychol. 55:365-75

106. Calvert WH, Hedrick LE, Brower LP. 1979. Mortality of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.): avian predation at five overwintering sites in Mexico. Science 204:847-51

107. Campanhola C, Plapp FWJ. 1988. Tobacco budworm resistance to pyrethroids: resistance spectra, synergists, and substitute insecticides. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Research Conf. 1988:349-52

108. Canyon DV, Hill CJ. 1997. Mistletoe host-resemblance: a study of herbivory, nitrogen and moisture in two Australian mistletoes and their host trees. Austral. J. Ecol 22:395-403

109. Carpenter GDH. 1921. Experiments on the relative edibility of insects, with special reference to their coloration. Trans. Roy. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 54:1-105

110. Carpenter GDH. 1933. Gregarious roosting habits of aposematic butterflies. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 8:110-11

111. Carpenter GDH. 1938. Audible emission of defensive froth by insects with an appendix on the anatomical structures concerned in a moth by H. Eltringham. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 108:243-52

112. Carpenter GDH. 1939. Birds as enemies of butterflies, with special reference to mimicry. Proc. VII Int. Kongr. Entomol., Berlin 1938:1061-74

113. Carpenter GDH. 1941. The relative frequency of beakmarks on butterflies of different edibility to birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (Series A) 3:223-31

114. Carpenter GDH. 1949. Pseudacraea eurytus (L.) (Lep. Nymphalidae): a study of a polymorphic mimic in various degrees of speciation. Trans. Roy. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 100:71-133

115. Carpenter GDH, Ford EB. 1933. Mimicry. London: Methuen

116. Carrick R. 1936. Experiments to test the efficiency of protective adaptations in insects. Trans. Roy. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 85:131-40

117. Chai P. 1986. Field observations and feeding experiments on the responses of rufous-tailed jacamars (Galbula ruficauda) to free-flying butterflies in a tropical rainforest. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 29:166-89

118. Chai P. 1988. Wing coloration of free-flying Neotropical butterflies as a signal learned by a specialized avian predator. Biotropica 20:20-30

119. Chai P. 1990. Relationships between visual characteristics of rainforest butterflies and responses of a specialized insectivorous bird. In Adaptive Coloration in Invertebrates, ed. M Wicksten:31-60. Proceedings of a Symposium Sponsored by the American Society of Zoologists. College Station, Tx.: Texas A&M University Sea Grant College Program

120. Chai P. 1996. Butterfly visual characteristics and ontogeny of responses to butterflies by a specialized bird. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 59:37-67

121. Chai P, Srygley RB. 1990. Predation and the flight, morphology, and temperature of neotropical rain-forest butterflies. Amer. Nat. 135:748-65

122. Charlesworth B. 1994. The genetics of adaptation: lessons from mimicry. Amer. Nat. 144:839-47

123. Charlesworth D, Charlesworth B. 1975. Theoretical genetics of Batesian mimicry I. Single-locus models. J. Theoret. Biol. 55:283-303

124. Charlesworth D, Charlesworth B. 1975. Theoretical genetics of Batesian mimicry. II. Evolution of supergenes. J. Theoret. Biol. 55:305-24

125. Charlesworth D, Charlesworth B. 1975. Theoretical genetics of Batesian mimicry III. Evolution of dominance. J. Theoret. Biol. 55:325-37

126. Clarke B. 1962. Balanced polymorphism and the diversity of sympatric species. In Taxonomy and Geography, ed. D Nichols:47-70. 4 in Systematics Association Publication. Oxford: Systematics Association

127. Clarke CA. 1954. Pupal coloration in Papilio machaon Linn. Proc. South Lond. Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1952-53:100-103

128. Clarke CA. 1967. Prevention of Rh-haemolytic disease. Brit. Med. J. 4:7-12

129. Clarke C. 1980. Papilio nandina, a probable hybrid between Papilio dardanus and Papilio phorcas. Syst. Entomol. 5:49-57

130. Clarke CA, Clarke FMM, Collins SC, Gill ACL, Turner JRG. 1985. Male-like females, mimicry and transvestism in butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Syst. Entomol. 10:257-83

131. Clarke CA, Clarke FMM, Gill ACL. 1987. Race crosses between two Kenyan mimetic forms of Papilio dardanus Brown 1776 and the non mimetic dardanus humbloti Obth. 1888 from the Comoros. Papilio Int. 3:199-201

132. Clarke CA, Clarke FMM, Gordon IJ. 1995. Mimicry and other controversial topics in East African Lepidoptera. J. East Afr. Nat. Hist. 84:3-18

133. Clarke CA, Clarke FMM, Gordon IJ, Marsh NA. 1989. Rule-breaking mimics: palatability of the butterflies Hypolimnas bolina and Hypolimnas misippus, a sister species pair. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 37:359-65

134. Clarke CA, Clarke FMM, Sheppard PM. 1968. Mimicry and Papilio memnon. Some breeding results from England. Malay Nat. J 21:201-19

135. Clarke CA, Knudsen JP. 1953. A hybrid swallowtail. Entomol. Rec. 65:76-80

136. Clarke CA, Mittwoch U, Traut W. 1977. Linkage and cytogenetic studies in the swallowtail butterflies Papilio polyxenes Fab. and Papilio machaon L. and their hybrids. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 198:385-99

137. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM. 1956. A further report on the genetics of the machaon group of swallowtail butterflies. Evolution 10:66-73

138. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM. 1957? The genetics of some mimetic forms of Papilio dardanus, Brown, and Papilio glaucus, Linn. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B xx?:236-59

139. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM. 1959. The genetics of Papilio dardanus, Brown. I. Race cenea from South Africa. Genetics 44:1347-58

140. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM. 1960. The evolution of mimicry in the butterfly Papilio dardanus. Heredity 14:163-73

141. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM. 1960. The genetics of Papilio dardanus, Brown. II. Races dardanus, polytrophus, meseres, and tibullus. Genetics 45:439-57

142. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM. 1960. The genetics of Papilio dardanus, Brown. III. Race antinorii from Abyssinia and race meriones from Madagascar. Genetics 45:683-98

143. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM. 1962. Disruptive selection and its effect on a metrical character in the butterfly Papilio dardanus. Evolution 16:214-26

144. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM. 1962. The genetics of Papilio dardanus, Brown. IV. Data on race ochracea, race flavicornis, and further information on races polytrophus and dardanus. Genetics 47:909-20

145. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM. 1962. The genetics of the mimetic butterfly Papilio glaucus. Ecology 43:159-61

146. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM. 1963. Interactions between major genes and polygenes in the determination of the mimetic patterns of Papilio dardanus. Evolution 17:404-13

147. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM. 1971. Further studies on the genetics of the mimetic butterfly Papilio memnon. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 263:35-70

148. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM. 1972. Genetic and environmental factors influencing pupal colour in the swallowtail butterflies Battus philenor (L.) and Papilio polytes L. J. Entomol. (A) 46:123-33

149. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM. 1972. The genetics of the mimetic butterfly Papilio polytes. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 263:431-58

150. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM. 1973. The genetics of four new forms of the mimetic butterfly Papilio memnon L. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 184:1-14

151. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM. 1975. (Exhibits of hybrid Papilio specimens). Proc. Roy. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 39:39

152. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM. 1975. The genetics of the mimetic butterfly Hypolimnas bolina (L.). Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 272:229-65

153. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM. 1977. Data suggesting absence of linkage between two loci in the mimetic butterfly Hypolimnas bolina (Nymphalidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 31:139-43

154. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM. 1977. A new tailed female form of Papilio memnon L. and its probable genetic control. Syst. Entomol. 2:17-19

155. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM, Mittwoch U. 1976. Heterochromatin polymorphism and colour pattern in the tiger swallowtail butterfly Papilio glaucus L. Nature 263:585-87

156. Clarke CA, Sheppard PM, Thornton IWB. 1968. The genetics of the mimetic butterfly Papilio memnon. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 254:37-89

157. Clarke FMM. 1978. Papilio memnon: a tailed "butlerianus" in the Malay Peninsula. Malay Nat. J 30:551-53

158. Codella SG, Lederhouse RC. 1990. The effect of wing orientation on aposematic signalling in the pipevine swallowtail butterfly, Battus philenor. Anim. Behav. 40:404-6

159. Cody ML. 1969. Convergent characteristics in sympatric populations: a possible relation to interspecific competition and aggression. Condor 71:222-39

160. Cook LM. 1969. An experiment on selection for mimicry. Entomol. :107-13

161. Cook LM, Brower LP, Alcock J. 1969. An attempt to verify mimetic advantage in a neotropical environment. Evolution 23:339-45

162. Cook SE, Vernon JG, Bateson M, Guilford T. 1994. Mate choice in the polymorphic African swallowtail butterfly, Papilio dardanus: male-like females may avoid sexual harassment. Anim. Behav. 47:389-97

163. Coppinger RP. 1969. The effect of experience and novelty on avian feeding behaviour with reference to the evolution of warning coloration in butterflies. Part I: Reactions of wild caught adult blue jays to novel insects. Behaviour 35:45-60

164. Coppinger RP. 1970. The effect of experience and novelty on avian feeding behaviour with reference to the evolution of warning coloration in butterflies. II. Reactions of naïve birds to novel insects. Amer. Nat. 104:323-34

165. Cott HB. 1940. Adaptive Coloration in Animals. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd

166. Cott HB. 1947. The edibility of birds: illustrated by five years' experiments and observations (1941-1946) on the food preferences of the hornet, cat and man: and considered with special reference to the thcories of adaptive coloration. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 116:371-524

167. Courtney SP. 1984. The evolution of egg clustering by butterflies and other insects. Amer. Nat. 123:276-81

168. Coyne JA. 1998. Not black and white. Review of "Melanism: Evolution in Action" by Michael E.N. Majerus. Nature 396:35-36

169. Curio E. 1976. The Ethology of Predation. Berlin: Springer Verlag

170. Darwin C. 1863. A review of H.W. Bates' paper on "mimetic butterflies.". In The Collected Papers of Charles Darwin, ed. PH Barrett, 2:87-92. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1977)

171. Davies NB, Brooke M. 1991. Coevolution of the cuckoo and its host. Sci. Amer. 1991:66-73

172. Davies NB, Kilner RM, Noble DG. 1998. Nestling cuckoos, Cuculus canorus, exploit hosts with begging calls that mimic a brood. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 265:673-78

173. Descimon H. 1965. Quelques comportements protecteurs des Lépidoptères. Alexanor 4:61-66

174. DeVries PJ, Lande R. 1999. Associations of co-mimetic ithomiine butterflies on small spatial and temporal scales in a neotropical rainforest. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. xx:000-000

175. Dickenson J. 1992. The naturalist on the River Amazons and a wider world: reflections on the centenary of Henry Walter Bates. Geog. Journ. 158:207-14

176. Dittrich W, Gilbert F, Green P, McGregor P, Grewcock D. 1993. Imperfect mimicry: a pigeon's perspective. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 251:195-200

177. Dixey F. 1894. Development of concept of "Reciprocal mimicry". Trans. Roy. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 296

178. Dixey FA. 1909. On Müllerian mimicry and diaposematism. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1908:559-83

179. Drummond BA. 1976. Comparative ecology and mimetic relationships of ithomiine butterflies in Eastern Ecuador. PhD Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville. 379 pp.

180. Dumbacher JP, Beehler BM, Spande TF, Garraffo HM, Daly JW. 1992. Homobatrachotoxin in the genus Pitohui: chemical defense in birds? Science 258:799-801

181. Duncan CJ, Sheppard PM. 1965. Sensory discrimination and its role in the evolution of Batesian Mimicry. Behaviour 24:269-82

182. Eberhard WG. 1977. Aggressive chemical mimicry by a Bolas Spider. Science 198:1173-74

183. Edmunds J, Edmunds M. 1974. Polymorphic mimicry and natural selection: a reappraisal. Evolution 28:402-7

184. Edmunds M. 1966. Natural selection in the mimetic butterfly Hypolimnas misippus L. in Ghana. Nature 212:1478

185. Edmunds M. 1969. Evidence for sexual selection in the mimetic butterfly Hypolimnas misippus L. Nature 221:488

186. Edmunds M. 1969. Polymorphism in the mimetic butterfly Hypolimnas misippus L. in Ghana. Heredity 24:281-302

187. Edmunds M. 1974. Defence in Animals. Harlow, Essex: Longmans

188. Edmunds M. 1974. Significance of beak marks on butterfly wings. Oikos 25:117-18

189. Edmunds M. 1976. Larval mortality and population regulation in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus in Ghana. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 58:129-45

190. Edmunds M. 1978. On the association between Myrmarachne spp. (Salticidae) and ants. Bull. Brit. Arachnol. Soc. 4:149-60

191. Edmunds M. 1981. On defining 'mimicry'. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 16:9-10

192. Edmunds M. 1987. Color in opisthobranchs. Amer. Malac. Bull. xx:xxx-

193. Edmunds M. 1988. Does warning colouration occur in nudibranchs? xx:xxx- (Symposium of the Malacological Congress, Edinburgh, 1986)

194. Edmunds M. 1990. The evolution of cryptic coloration. In Insect Defenses, ed. DL Evans, JO Schmidt:3-21. Albany: State University of New York Press

195. Edmunds M. 1993. Does mimicry of ants reduce predation by wasps on salticid spiders? Mem. Queensl. Mus. 33:507-12

196. Edmunds M, Dewhirst RA. 1994. The survival value of countershading with wild birds as predators. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 51:447-52

197. Edmunds M, Golding YC. 1999. Diversity in mimicry. Trends Ecol. Evol. xx:000-000

198. Edmunds M, Potts GW, Swinfen RC, Waters VL. 1976. Defensive behaviour of sea anenomes in response to predation by the opisthobranch mollusc Aeolidia papillosa (L.). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 56:65-83

199. Ehrlich PR, Ehrlich AH. 1982. Lizard predation on tropical butterflies. J. Lepid. Soc. 36:148-52

200. Eisner T. 1970. Chemical Ecology. Chemical defense against predation in arthropods, ed E Sondheimer, JB Simeone.

201. Eltringham H. 1916. On specific and mimetic relationships in the genus Heliconius. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1916:101-48

202. Emlen JM. 1968. Batesian mimicry: a preliminary theoretical investigation of quantitative aspects. Amer. Nat. 102:235-41

203. Emsley MG. 1964. The geographical distribution of the color-pattern components of Heliconius erato and Heliconius melpomene with genetical evidence for the systematic relationship between the two species. Zoologica, N.Y. 49:245-86

204. Endler JA. 1978. A predator's view of animal color patterns. Evol. Biol. 11:319-64

205. Endler JA. 1981. An overview of the relationships between mimicry and crypsis. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 16:25-31

206. Endler JA. 1982. Convergent and divergent effects of natural selection on color patterns in two fish faunas. Evolution 36:178-88

207. Endler JA. 1986. Defense against predators. In Predator-prey Relationships. Perspectives and Approaches from the Study of Lower Vertebrates, ed. ME Feder, GV Lauder:109-34. Chicago: Chicago Univ. Press

208. Endler JA. 1988. Frequency-dependent predation, crypsis, and aposematic coloration. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 319:459-72

209. Endler JA. 1990. On the measurement and classification of colour in studies of animal colour patterns. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 41:315-52

210. Endler JA. 1991. Interactions between predators and prey. In Behavioural Ecology. An Evolutionary Approach, ed. JR Krebs, NB Davies:169-96. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific. 3rd ed.

211. Endler JA. 1991. Variation in the appearance of guppy color patterns to guppies and their predators under different visual conditions. Vision Res. 31:587-608

212. Endler JA. 1992. Signals, signal conditions, and the direction of evolution. Amer. Nat. 139(Supplement):S125-53

213. Endler JA. 1993. The colour of light in forests and its implications. Ecol. Monogr. 63:1-27

214. Endler JA, Théry M. 1996. Interacting effects of lek placement, display behavior, ambient light, and colour patterns in three neotropical forest-dwelling birds. Amer. Nat. 148:421-52

215. Engen S, Järvi T, Wiklund C. 1986. The evolution of aposematic coloration by individual selection: a life-span survival model. Oikos 46:397-403

216. Evans DL. 1987. Tough, harmless cryptics could evolve into tough, nasty aposematics: an individual selectionist model. Oikos 48:114-15

217. Evans DL, Castoriades N, Badruddine H. 1986. Cardenolides in the defense of Caenocoris nerii (Hemiptera). Oikos 46:325-29

218. Evans DL, Gastoriades N, Badruddine H. 1986. Cardenolides in the defense of Caenocoris nerii (Hemiptera). Oikos 46:325-29

219. Fisher RA. 1927. On some objections to mimicry theory: statistical and genetic. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 75:269-78

220. Fisher RA. 1958. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. New York: Dover. 2nd ed.

221. Fitzgerald TD. 1993. Sociality in caterpillars. In Caterpillars. Ecological and Evolutionary Constraints on Foraging, ed. NE Stamp, TM Casey:372-404. New York: Chapman and Hall

222. Ford EB. 1940. Genetic research in the Lepidoptera. Ann. Eugenics 10:227-52

223. Ford HA. 1971. The degree of mimetic protection gained by new partial mimics. Heredity 27:227-36

224. Frank LG, Glickman SE. 1994. Giving birth through a female clitoris -- parturition and dystocia in the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta). J. Zool. 234:659-65

225. French V, Brakefield PM. 1992. The development of eyespot patterns on butterfly wings - morphogen sources or sinks. Development 116:103

226. Fullard JH. 1977. Phenology of sound-producing arctiid moths and the activity of insectivorous bats. Nature 267:42-43

227. Gagliardo A, Guilford T. 1993. Why do warning-coloured prey live gregariously? Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 251:69-74

228. Gamberale G, Sillén-Tullberg B. 1996. Evidence for a peak-shift in predator generalization among aposematic prey. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 263:1329-34

229. Gavrilets S. 1997. Single locus clines. Evolution 51:979-83

230. Gavrilets S, Hastings A. 1998. Coevolutionary chase in two-species systems with applications to mimicry. J. Theoret. Biol. 191:415-27

231. Getty T. 1987. Crypsis, mimicry, and switching: the basic similarity of superficially different analyses. Amer. Nat. 130:793-97

232. Gibson DO. 1974. Batesian mimicry without distastefulness? Nature 250:77-79

233. Gibson DO. 1980. The role of escape in mimicry and polymorphism. I. The response of captive birds to artificial prey. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 14:201-14

234. Gibson DO, Mani GS. 1984. An experimental investigation of the effects of selective predation by birds and parasitoid attack on the butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.). Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 221:31-51

235. Gilbert LE. 1983. Coevolution and mimicry. In Coevolution, ed. DJ Futuyma, M Slatkin:263-81. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates

236. Gittleman JL, Harvey PH. 1980. Why are distasteful prey not cryptic? Nature 286:149-50

237. Gittleman JL, Harvey PH, Greenwood PJ. 1980. The evolution of conspicuous coloration: some experiments in bad taste. Anim. Behav. 28:897-99

238. Goldschmidt RB. 1945. Mimetic polymorphism, a controversial chapter of Darwinism. Q. Rev. Biol. 20:147-64; 205-30

239. Goodale MA, Sneddon I. 1977. The effect of distastefulness on the model on the predation of artificial mimics. Anim. Behav. 25:660-65

240. Gordon IJ. 1984. Polymorphism of the tropical butterfly, Danaus chrysippus L., in Africa. Heredity 53:583-93

241. Gordon IJ. 1987. Natural selection for rare and mimetic colour pattern combinations in wild populations of the diadem butterfly, Hypolimnas misippus L. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 31:1-23

242. Gordon IJ, Smith DAS. 1989. Genetics of the mimetic African butterfly Hypolimnas misippus: hindwing polymorphism. Heredity 63:409-25

243. Gordon IJ, Smith DAS. 1998. Body size and colour pattern genetics in the polymorphic mimetic butterfly Hypolimnas misippus (L.). Heredity 80:62-69

244. Gordon IJ, Smith DAS. 1999. Diversity in mimicry. Trends Ecol. Evol. xx:000-000

245. Gordon IJ, Vane-Wright RI. 1984. Mimicry, migration and speciation in Acraea encedon and A. encedana. In The Biology of Butterflies, ed. RI Vane-Wright, PR Ackery:193-96. London: Academic Press

246. Grant GG, Miller WE. 1995. Larval images on lepidopteran wings - an unrecognized defense mechanism? Amer. Entomol. 41:44-48

247. Grayson J, Edmunds M. 1989. The causes of colour and colour change in caterpillars of the poplar and eyed hawkmoths (Laothoe populi and Smerinthus ocellata). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 37:263-79

248. Greenwood JJD. 1986. Crypsis, mimicry, and switching by optimal predators. Amer. Nat. 128:294-300

249. Greenwood JJD, Cotton PA, Wilson DM. 1989. Frequency-dependent selection on aposematic prey: some experiments. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 36:213-26

250. Greenwood JJD, Wood EM, Batchelor S. 1981. Apostatic selection of distasteful prey. Heredity 47:27-34

251. Guilford T. 1985. How do "warning colours" work? Conspicuousness may reduce recognition errors in experienced predators. Anim. Behav. 34:286-88

252. Guilford T. 1985. Is kin selection involved in the evolution of warning coloration? Oikos 45:31-36

253. Guilford T. 1988. The evolution of conspicuous coloration. Amer. Nat. 131, Supplement:S7-S21

254. Guilford T. 1990. The evolution of aposematism. In Insect Defenses. Adaptive Mechanisms and Strategies of Prey and Predators, ed. DL Evans, JO Schmidt:23-61. New York: State University of New York Press

255. Guilford T. 1990. Evolutionary pathways to aposematism. Acta Oecol./ Oecol. Applic. 11:835-41

256. Guilford T. 1992. Signalling and mimicry. Antenna 16:107-8

257. Guilford T, Cuthill I. 1991. The evolution of aposematism in marine gastropods. Evolution 45:449-51

258. Guilford T, Dawkins MS. 1987. Search images not proven: a reappraisal of recent evidence. Anim. Behav. 35:1838-45

259. Guilford T, Dawkins MS. 1991. Receiver psychology and the evolution of animal signals. Anim. Behav. 42:1-14

260. Guilford T, Dawkins MS. 1993. Are warning colors handicaps? Evolution 47:400-416

261. Guilford T, Dawkins MS. 1993. Receiver psychology and the design of animal signals. Trends in Neurosciences 16:430-36

262. Guilford T, Nicol C, Rothschild M, Moore B. 1987. The biological roles of pyrazines: evidence for a warning odour function. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 31:113-28

263. Hagen DW, Moodie G, Moodie PF. 1980. Polymorphism for breeding colors in Gasterosteus aculeatus. II. Reproductive success as a result of convergence for threat display. Evolution 34:1050-59

264. Hamilton WD. 1964. The genetical evolution of social behaviour. Theoret. Biol. 7:1-52

265. Harvey PH, Bull JJ, Paxton RJ. 1983. Why some insects look pretty nasty. New Sci. 97(6 January):26-27

266. Harvey PH, Bull JJ, Pemberton M, Paxton RJ. 1982. The evolution of aposematic coloration in distasteful prey: a family model. Amer. Nat. 119:710-19

267. Harvey PH, Greenwood PJ. 1978. Anti-predator defence strategies: some evolutionary problems. In Behavioural Ecology, ed. JR Krebs, NB Davies:129-51. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific

268. Harvey PH, Partridge L. 1988. Evolutionary biology - of cuckoo-clocks and callbirds. Nature 335:586-87

269. Harvey PH, Paxton RJ. 1981. The evolution of aposematic coloration. Oikos 37:391-93

270. Haskell PT. 1974. Sound production. In Physiology of Insecta, ed. Rockstein:xxx-. . 2nd ed.

271. Hazel WN. 1990. Sex-limited variability and mimicry in the swallowtail butterfly Papilio polyxenes Fabr. Heredity 65:109-14

272. Hazel WN, West DA. 1979. Environmental control of pupal colour in swallowtail butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): Battus philenor (L.) and Papilio polyxenes Fabr. Ecol. Entomol. 4:393-400

273. Heal J. 1979. Colour patterns of Syrphidae: I. Genetic variation in the dronefly Eristalis tenax. Heredity 42:223-36

274. Heinrich B. 1993. How avian predators constrain caterpillar foraging. In Caterpillars. Ecological and Evolutionary Constraints on Foraging, ed. NE Stamp, TM Casey:224-47. New York: Chapman and Hall

275. Hensel JL, Brodie ED. 1976. An experimental study of aposematic coloration in the salamander Plethodon jordani. Copeia 1976:59-65

276. Herrel J, Hazel W. 1995. Female-limited variability in mimicry in the swallowtail butterfly Papilio polyxenes Fabr. Heredity 75:106-10

277. Herrera C. 1985. Aposematic insects as six-legged fruits: incidental short-circuiting of their defense by frugivorous birds. Amer. Nat. 126:286-93

278. Hespenheide HA. 1973. A novel mimicry complex: beetles and flies. J. Entomol. (A) 48:49-56

279. Hespenheide HA. 1975. Reversed sex-limited mimicry in a beetle. Evolution 29:780-83

280. Hiam AW. 1982. Airborne models and flying mimics. Nat. Hist. 91:42-49

281. Higgins ML, Snyder JR. 1979. Roost fidelity in the gregarious roosting behaviour of Ancistrocercus infictus (Tettigoniidae) around wasp nests. OTS Reports 1979:307-8

282. Hinton HE. 1974. Lycaenid pupae that mimic anthropoid heads. J. Entomol. (A) 49:65-69

283. Hocking B. 1964. Fire melanism in some African grasshoppers. Evolution 18:332-35

284. Holling CS. 1965. The functional response of predators to prey density, and its role in mimicry and population regulation. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canad. 45:1-60

285. Holloway GJ, Brakefield PM, De Jong PW, Ottenheim MM, De Vos H, Kesbeke F, Peynenburg L. 1995. A quantitative genetic analysis of an aposematic colour pattern and its ecological implications. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 348:373-79

286. Holloway GJ, Brakefield PM, Kofman S. 1993. The genetics of wing pattern elements in the polyphenic butterfly Bicyclus anynana. Heredity 70:179-86

287. Holloway GJ, Marriott CG, Crocker HJ. 1997. Phenotypic plasticity in hoverflies: the relationship between colour pattern and season in Episyrphus balteatus and other Syrphidae. Ecol. Entomol. 22:425-32

288. Holzkamp G, Nahrstedt A. 1994. Biosynthesis of cyanogenic glycosides in the Lepidoptera - incorporation of [U-C-14]-2-methylpropanealdoxime, 2S-[U-C-14]-methylbutanealdoxime and D,L-[U-C-14]-N-hydroxyisoleucine into linamarin and lotaustralin by the larvae of Zygaena trifolii. Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 24:161-68

289. Hopkins GHE, Buxton PA. 1926. Euploea spp. frequenting dead twigs of Tournefortia argentea in Samoa & Tonga. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1:35-37

290. Hori M. 1993. Frequency-dependent natural selection in the handedness of scale-eating cichlid fish. Science 260:216-19

291. Housden SD. 1982. Spotted flycatcher catching and eating large butterflies. British Birds xx:90-91

292. Huey RB, Pianka ER. 1977. Natural selection for juvenile lizards mimicking noxious beetles. Science 195:201-3

293. Huheey JE. 1961. Studies in warning coloration and mimicry. III. Evolution of Müllerian mimicry. Evolution 15:567-68

294. Huheey JE. 1964. Studies of warning coloration and mimicry. IV. A mathematical model of model-mimic frequencies. Ecology 45:185-88

295. Huheey JE. 1976. Studies in warning coloration and mimicry. VII. Evolutionary consequences of Batesian-Müllerian spectrum: a model for Müllerian mimicry. Evolution 30:86-93

296. Huheey JE. 1988. Mathematical models of mimicry. Amer. Nat. 131, Supplement:S22-41

297. Hunt DM, Williams AJ, Bowmaker JK, Mollon JD. 1993. Structure and evolution of the polymorphic photopigment gene of the marmoset. Vision Res. 33:147-54

298. Ivie MA, Philips TK, Johnson KA. 1990. High altitude aggregations of Anetia briarea Godart on Hispaniola (Nymphalidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 44:209-14

299. Jackson JF, Drummond BA. 1974. A Batesian ant-mimicry complex from the mountain pine ridge of British Honduras, with an example of transformational mimicry. Amer. Midl. Nat. 91:248-51

300. Jackson RR. 1995. Cues for web invasion and aggressive mimicry signaling in Portia (Araneae, Salticidae). J. Zool. 236:131-49

301. Jacobs GH, Harwerth RS. 1989. Colour vision in Old and New World Primates. Amer. J. Primatol. 18:35-44

302. Järvi T, Sillén-Tullberg B, Wiklund C. 1981. The cost of being aposematic. An experimental study of predation on larvae of Papilio machaon by the great tit Parus major. Oikos 36:267-72

303. Järvi T, Sillén-Tullberg B, Wiklund C. 1981. Individual versus kin selection for aposematic coloration. A reply to Harvey and Paxton. Oikos 37:393-95

304. Janzen DH. 1993. Caterpillar seasonality in a Costa Rican dry forest. In Caterpillars. Ecological and Evolutionary Constraints on Foraging, ed. NE Stamp, TM Casey:448-77. New York: Chapman and Hall

305. Jeffords MR, Sternberg JG, Waldbauer GP. 1979. Batesian mimicry: field demonstration of the survival value of pipevine swallowtail and monarch color patterns. Evolution 33:275-86

306. Jeffords MR, Waldbauer GP, Sternburg JG. 1980. Determination of the time of day at which diurnal moths painted to resemble butterflies are attacked by birds. Evolution 34:1205-11

307. Jiggins CD, Davies N. 1998. Genetic evidence for a sibling species of Heliconius charithonia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 64:57-67

308. Jiggins CD, McMillan WO. 1997. The genetic basis of an adaptive radiation: warning colour in two Heliconius species. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 264:1167-75

309. Jiggins CD, McMillan WO, Neukirchen W, Mallet J. 1996. What can hybrid zones tell us about speciation? The case of Heliconius erato and H. himera (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 59:221-42

310. Jiggins FM, Hurst GDD, Majerus MEN. 1998. Sex ratio distortion in Acraea encedon (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) is caused by a male-killing bacterium. Heredity 81:87-91

311. Johnson JA, Brodie ED. 1975. The selective advantage of the posture of the newt Taricha granulosa. Amer. Midl. Nat. 93:139-48

312. Johnson SD, Dafni A. 1998. Response of bee-flies to the shape and pattern of model flowers: implications for floral evolution. Funct. Ecol. 12:289-97

313. Jones DA, Parsons J, Rothschild M. 1962. Release of hydrocyanic acid from crushed tissues of all stages in the life cycle of species of the Zygaeninae (Lepidoptera). Nature 193:52-63

314. Jones FM. 1932. Insect coloration and the relative acceptability of insects to birds. Trans. Roy. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 80:345-85

315. Jordan K. 1911. The systematics of some Lepidoptera which resemble each other, and their bearing on general questions of evolution. Int. Congr. Entomol. 2:385-404 (4 pls., pls. 21-24)

316. Joron M, Mallet J. 1998. Diversity in mimicry: paradox or paradigm. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13:461-66

317. Kapan D. 1998. Divergent natural selection and Müllerian mimicry in polymorphic Heliconius cydno (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Ph.D. Dissertation. University of British Columbia

318. Karr JR. 1976. Within- and between-habitat avian diversity in African and Neotropical lowland habitats. Ecol. Monogr. 46:457-81

319. Kaye WJ. 1907. Notes on the dominant Müllerian group of butterflies from the Potaro district of British Guiana. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1906:411-39

320. Kaye WJ. 1916. A reply to Dr. Eltringham's paper on the genus Heliconius. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1916:149-55

321. Kelly C. 1987. A model to explore the rate of spread of mimicry and rejection in hypothetical populations of cuckoos and their hosts. J. Theoret. Biol. 125:283-99

322. Kimler WC. 1983. Mimicry: views of naturalists and ecologists before the modern synthesis. In Dimensions of Darwinism, ed. M Grene:97-127. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press

323. Klein NK, Payne RB. 1998. Evolutionary associations of parasitic finches (Vidua) and their host species: analyses of mitochondrial DNA. Evolution 52:566-82

324. Koeniger N, Koeniger G, Mardan M. 1994. Mimicking a honeybee queen -- Vespa affinis indosinensis Perez 1910 hunts drones of Apis cerana F 1793. Ethology 98:149-53

325. Krebs JR. 1979. Bird colors. Nature 282:14-16

326. Krebs RA, West DA. 1988. Female mate preference and the evolution of female-limited Batesian mimicry. Evolution 42:1101-4

327. Lamas G. 1989. Darwin, Bates, Müller y la teoría del mimetismo. Bol. Lima 66:51-56

328. Landing BH. 1984. Factors in the Distribution of Butterfly Color and Behavior Patterns -- Selected Aspects. Los Angeles, CA: Published by the author. 200 pp.

329. Lauder GV. 1996. The argument from design. In Adaptation, ed. MR Rose, GV Lauder:55-91. San Diego: Academic Press

330. Laval RK, Laval ML. 1981. Prey selection by a neotropical foliage-gleaning bat, Micronycteris megalotis. J. Mammal. 61:327-30

331. Lazarus J. 1979. The early warning function of flocking in birds: an experimental study with captive quelea. Anim. Behav. 27:855-65

332. Lea RG, Turner JRG. 1972. Experiments on mimicry. II. The effect of a Batesian mimic on its model. Behaviour 42:131-51

333. Lederhouse RC, Scriber JM. 1996. Intra-sexual selection constrains the evolution of the dorsal colour pattern of male black swallowtail butterflies, Papilio polyxenes. Evolution 50:717-22

334. Lees DC, Smith NG. 1991. Foodplant associations of the Uraniinae (Uraniidae) and their systematic, evolutionary, and ecological significance. J. Lepid. Soc. 45:296-347

335. Leimar O, Enquist M, Sillén-Tullberg B. 1986. Evolutionary stability of aposematic coloration and prey unprofitability: a theoretical analysis. Amer. Nat. 128:469-90

336. Leimar O, Tuomi J. 1998. Synergistic selection and graded traits. Evol. Ecol. 12:59-71

337. Limbaugh C. 1961. Cleaning symbiosis. Sci. Amer. 205:42-49

338. Linares M. 1989. Adaptive microevolution through hybridization and biotic destruction in the neotropics. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Texas at Austin

339. Linares M. 1997. The ghost of mimicry past: laboratory reconstitution of an extinct butterfly 'race'. Heredity 78:628-35

340. Linares M. 1997. Origin of neotropical mimetic diversity from a three-way hybrid zone of Heliconius cydno butterflies. In Tropical Diversity and Systematics, ed. H Ulrich:93-108. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biodiversity and Systematics in Tropical Ecosystems, Bonn, 1994. Bonn: Zoologisches Forschunginstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig

341. Lindroth CH. 1971. Disappearance as a protective factor. Entomol. Scand. 2:41-48

342. Lindström L, Alatalo RV, Mappes J. 1997. Imperfect Batesian mimicry -- the effects of the frequency and the distastefulness of the model. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 264:149-53

343. Lindström L, Alatalo RV, Mappes J, Riipi M, Vertainen L. 1999. Can aposematic signals evolve by gradual change? Nature 397:249-51

344. Lloyd JE, Wing SR. 1983. Nocturnal aerial predation of fireflies by light seeking fireflies. Science 222:634-35

345. Losey GS. 1971. Communication between fishes in cleaning symbiosis. In Aspects of the biology of symbiosis, ed. TC Cheng:145-76. Baltimore: University Park Press

346. Lovejoy TE. 1974. Bird diversity and abundance in Amazon forest communities. Living Bird 13:127-91

347. MacDougall A, Dawkins M. 1998. Müllerian mimicry and the receiver psychology of imperfect discrimination. Anim. Behav. 55:1281-88

348. Magnus DBE. 1963. Sex-limited mimicry. II. Visual selection in the mate choice of butterflies. Proc. XVI Int. Congr. Zool., Washington, D.C. 4:179-83

349. Majerus MEN. 1998. Melanism. Evolution in Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press. xiii + 338 pp.

350. Malcolm SB. 1986. Aposematism in a soft-bodied insect: a case for kin selection. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 18:387-93

351. Malcolm SB. 1990. Mimicry: status of a classical evolutionary paradigm. Trends Ecol. Evol. 5:57-62

352. Malcolm SB, Brower LP. 1989. Evolutionary and ecological implications of cardenolide sequestration in the monarch butterfly. Experientia 45:284-95

353. Malcolm S, Rothschild M. 1983. A danaid Müllerian mimic, Euploea core amymone (Cramer) lacking cardenolides in the pupal and adult stages. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 19:27-33

354. Malcolm WL, Hanks JP. 19xx. Landing site selection and searching behaviour in the micro-lepidopteron Agonopteryx pulvipennella. Anim. Behav. 21:45-48

355. Mallet J. 1986. Hybrid zones in Heliconius butterflies in Panama, and the stability and movement of warning colour clines. Heredity 56:191-202

356. Mallet J. 1989. The genetics of warning colour in Peruvian hybrid zones of Heliconius erato and H. melpomene. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 236:163-85

357. Mallet J. 1990. Is mimicry theory unpalatable? Trends Ecol. Evol. 5:344-45

358. Mallet J. 1991. Variations on a theme? Nature 354:368 (Review of H.F. Nijhout (1991) The Development and Evolution of Butterfly Wing Patterns. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.)

359. Mallet J. 1999. Mimicry references, http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/jim/Mim/mimicry.htm.

360. Mallet J, Barton NH. 1989. Strong natural selection in a warning color hybrid zone. Evolution 43:421-31

361. Mallet J, Gilbert LE. 1995. Why are there so many mimicry rings? Correlations between habitat, behaviour and mimicry in Heliconius butterflies. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 55:159-80

362. Mallet J, Jiggins CD, McMillan WO. 1996. Mimicry meets the mitochondrion. Current Biology 6:937-40

363. Mallet J, Joron M. 1999. The evolution of diversity in warning colour and mimicry. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. xx:000-000

364. Mallet J, McMillan WO, Jiggins CD. 1998. Mimicry and warning color at the boundary between races and species. In Endless Forms: Species and Speciation, ed. S Berlocher, D Howard:390-403. New York: Oxford University Press

365. Mallet J, Singer MC. 1987. Individual selection, kin selection, and the shifting balance in the evolution of warning colours: the evidence from butterflies. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 32:337-50

366. Manley TR. 1978. Genetics of conspicuous markings of the io moth. J. Hered. 69:11-18

367. Mappes J, Alatalo RV. 1997. Batesian mimicry and signal accuracy. Evolution 51:2050-53

368. Marchetti K, Nakamura H, Gibbs HL. 1998. Host race formation in the common cuckoo. Science 282:471-72

369. Marden JH, Chai P. 1991. Aerial predation and butterfly design: how palatability, mimicry, and the need for evasive flight constrain mass allocation. Amer. Nat. 138:15-36

370. Marples NM, Brakefield PM. 1995. Genetic variation for the rate of recruitment of novel insect prey into the diet of a bird. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 55:17-27

371. Marples NM, Brakefield PM, Cowie RJ. 1989. Differences between the 7-spot and 2-spot ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) in their toxic effects on a bird predator. Ecol. Entomol. 14:79-84

372. Marsh H, Rothschild M. 1974. Aposematic and cryptic Lepidoptera tested on the mouse. J. Zool. 174:89-122

373. Marsh NA, Clarke CA, Rothschild M, Kellett DN. 1977. Hypolimnas bolina (L.), a mimic of danaid butterflies, and its model Euploea core (Cram.) store cardioactive substances. Nature 268:726-28

374. Marshall GAK. 1908. On diaposematism, with reference to some of the limitations of the Müllerian hypothesis of mimicry. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1908:93-142

375. Marshall GAK. 1909. Birds as a factor in the production of mimetic resemblances among butterflies. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1909:329-83

376. Marshall GAK, Poulton EB. 1902. Five years' observations and experiments (1896-1901) on the bionomics of South African insects, chiefly directed to the investigation of mimicry and warning colours. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1902:287-697

377. Mason LG. 1976. Color variation and bisexual Müllerian mimicry in an aposematic insect. Evolution 30:841-46

378. Masters WM. 1979. Insect disturbance stridulation: its defensive role. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 5:187-200

379. Matthews EG. 1977. Signal-based frequency-dependent defense strategies and the evolution of mimicry. Amer. Nat. 111:213-22

380. May M. 1991. Aerial defense tactics of flying insects. Amer. Sci. 79:316-28

381. Mayer AG. 1897. On the color and color-patterns of moths and butterflies. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 27:243-330

382. McCosker JE. 1977. Fright posture of the plesiopid fish Callioplesiops altivelis: an example of Batesian Mimicry. Science 197:400-401

383. McIver JD, Stonedahl G. 1993. Myrmecomorphy: morphological and behavioural mimicry of ants. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 38:xxx-

384. Medina MC, Robbins RK, Lamas G. 1996. Vertical stratification of flight by ithomiine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) at Pakitza, Manu National Park, Perú. In Manu. The biodiversity of Southeastern Peru, ed. DE Wilson, A Sandoval:211-16. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution

385. Miller JS. 1996. Phylogeny of the Neotropical moth tribe Josiini (Notodontidae: Dioptinae): a hidden case of Müllerian mimicry. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 118:1-45

386. Möller A. 1920. Fritz Müller. Werke, Briefe und Leben. Dritter Band. Fritz Müllers Leben, nach den Quellen bearbeitet vom Herausgeber. Jena: Gustav Fischer. 163 pp. (+ 1 frontspiece of Muller in 1891, 6 plates (all of Muller), and one map)

387. Moksnes A, Roskaft E, Tysse T. 1995. On the evolution of blue cuckoo eggs in Europe. J. Avian Biol. 26:13-19

388. Mollon JD. 1987. On the origins of polymorphisms. In Frontiers of Visual Science, ed. Committee on Vision:160-68. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press

389. Mollon JD. 1989. "Tho' she kneel'd in that place where they grew ...". The uses and origins of primate colour vision. J. Exper. Biol. 146:21-38

390. Mollon J. 1992. Worlds of difference. Nature 356:481-90

391. Mollon JD, Bowmaker JK, Jacobs GH. 1984. Variations in colour vision in a New World primate can be explained by polymorphism of retinal photopigments. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 222:373-99

392. Moore BR. 1992. Avian movement imitation and a new form of mimicry - tracing the evolution of a complex form of learning. Behaviour 122:231-63

393. Moore B, Brown V. xxxx. (mimicry rings involving Australian Lycid beetles, and their chemical protection). J. Austral. Entomol. Soc. 28:229-33

394. Moranz R, Brower LP. 1998. Geographic and temporal variation of cardenolide-based chemical defenses of queen butterfly (Danaus gilippus) in northern Florida. J. Chem. Ecol. 24:905-32

395. Morgan MJ, Adam A, Mollon JD. 1992. Dichromats detect colour-camouflaged objects that are not detected by trichromats. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 248:291-95

396. Morrell GM, Turner JRG. 1970. Experiments on mimicry. I. The responses of wild birds to artificial prey. Behaviour 36:116-30

397. Moynihan M. 1968. Social mimicry: character convergence versus character displacement. Evolution 22:315-31

398. Müller F. 1879. Ituna and Thyridia; a remarkable case of mimicry in butterflies. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1879:xx-xxix

399. Munn CA, Terborgh JW. 1979. Multi-species territoriality in neotropical foraging flocks. Condor 81:338-47

400. Murawski DA. 1993. A taste for poison. Nat. Geogr. 184:122-37

401. Mutter M, Tuchscherer G. 1997. Non-native architectures in protein design and mimicry. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 53:11-12

402. Muyshondt A, Muyshondt A Jr. 1976. Is avian predation so important in keeping down butterfly populations? Entomol. Rec. 88:283-85

403. Nahrstedt A, Davis RH. 1983. Occurrence, variation and biosynthesis of the cyanogenic glucosides linamarin and lotaustralin in species of the Heliconiini (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 75B:65-73

404. Nash RJ, Rothschild M, Porter EA, Watson AA, Waigh RD, Waterman PG. 1994. Calystegines in Solanum and Datura species and the death's-head hawk-moth (Acherontia atropus). Phytochem ss:000-000

405. Nicholson AJ. 1927. A new theory of mimicry in insects. Austral. Zool. 5:10-104

406. Nicolaus LK, Cassell JF, Carlson RB, Gustavson CR. 1983. Taste-aversion conditioning of crows to control predation on eggs. Science 220:212-14

407. Nijhout HF. 1990. A comprehensive model for colour pattern formation in butterflies. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 239:81-113

408. Nijhout HF. 1994. Developmental perspectives on evolution of butterfly mimicry. BioScience 44:148-57

409. Nijhout HF. 1994. Symmetry systems and compartments in lepidopteran wings -- the evolution of a patterning mechanism. Development SS:225-33

410. Nijhout HF. 1996. Focus on butterfly eyespot development. Nature 384:209-10

411. Nijhout HF, Wray GA, Gilbert LE. 1990. An analysis of the phenotypic effects of certain colour pattern genes in Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 40:357-72

412. Nur U. 1970. Evolutionary rates of models and mimics in Batesian mimicry. Amer. Nat. 104:477-86

413. O'Donald P, Pilecki C. 1970. Polymorphic mimicry and natural selection. Evolution 24:395-401

414. Ohara Y, Nagasaka K, Ohsaki N. 1993. Warning coloration in sawfly Athalia rosae larva and concealing coloration in butterfly Pieris rapae larva feeding on the same plants evolved through individual selection. Res. Pop. Ecol. 35:223-30

415. Ohsaki N. 1995. Preferential predation of female butterflies and the evolution of Batesian mimicry. Nature 378:173-75

416. Orr HA, Coyne JA. 1992. The genetics of adaptation: a reassessment. Amer. Nat. 140:725-42

417. Osorio D, Srinivasan MB. 1991. Camouflage by edge enhancement in animal coloration mechanisms and its implications for visual mechanisms. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 244:81-85

418. Otte D. 1974. Effects and functions in the evolution of signalling systems. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 5:385-417

419. Owen DF. 1971. Pupal color in Papilio demodocus (Papilionidae) in relation to the season of the year. J. Lepid. Soc. 25:271-74

420. Owen DF. 1971. Seasonal changes in the frequency of sex-limited colour forms in the butterfly, Catopsilia florella Fabricius. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afric 83:317-21

421. Owen DF, Chanter DO. 1972. Polymorphic mimicry in a population of the African butterfly, Pseudacraea eurytus (L.) (Lep. Nymphalidae). Entomol. Scand. 3:258-66

422. Owen DF, Smith DAS, Gordon IJ, Owiny AM. 1994. Polymorphic Müllerian mimicry in a group of African butterflies: a reassessment of the relationship between Danaus chrysippus, Acraea encedon and Acraea encedana (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). J. Zool. 232:93-108

423. Owen RE, Owen ARG. 1984. Mathematical paradigms for mimicry: recurrent sampling. J. Theoret. Biol. 109:217-47

424. Papageorgis C. 1974. The adaptive significance of wing coloration of mimetic neotropical butterflies. Ph.D. Dissertation. Princeton University

425. Papageorgis C. 1975. Mimicry in neotropical butterflies. Amer. Sci. 63:522-32

426. Parsons M. 1984. Life histories of Taenaris (Nymphalidae) from Papua New Guinea. J. Lepid. Soc. 38:69-84

427. Parsons MJ. 1996. The autecology and biogeography of New Guinea butterflies. Ph.D. thesis. Royal Holloway College, University of London. 281 pp.

428. Pasteur G. 1982. A classificatory review of mimicry systems. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 15:43-74

429. Paxton RJ, Harvey PH. 1983. On the evolution of müllerian mimicry: hypotheses and tests. Oikos 41:146-47

430. Pearson DL. 1971. Vertical stratification of birds in a tropical dry forest. Condor 73:46-55

431. Pearson DL. 1975. The relation of foliage complexity to ecological diversity of three Amazonian bird communities. Condor 77:453-66

432. Pearson DL. 1977. Ecological relationships of small antbirds in Amazonian brid communities. Auk 94:283-92

433. Pearson DL. 1977. A pantropical comparison of bird community structure on six lowland forest sites. Condor 79:232-44

434. Pilecki C, O'Donald P. 1971. The effects of predation on artificial mimetic polymorphisms with perfect and imperfect mimics at varying frequencies. Evolution 25:365-70

435. Pinheiro CEG. 1996. Palatability and escaping ability in neotropical butterflies: tests with wild kingbirds (Tyrannus melancholicus). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 59:351-65

436. Pinheiro CEG. 1997. Unpalatability, mimicry and escaping ability in neotropical butterflies: experiments with wild predators. D. Phil. Thesis. University of Oxford

437. Pinheiro CEG, Martins M. 1992. Palatability of seven butterfly species (Nymphalidae) to two tyrant-flycatchers in Brazil. J. Lepid. Soc. 46:77-79

438. Plaisted KC, Mackintosh NJ. 1995. Visual search for cryptic stimuli in pigeons: implications for the search image and search rate hypotheses. Anim. Behav. 50:1219-32

439. Platt AP, Brower LP. 1968. Mimetic versus disruptive coloration in intergrading populations of Limenitis arthemis and astynax butterflies. Evolution 22:699-718

440. Pliske TE. 1975. Pollination of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants by male Lepidoptera. Environ. Entomol. 4:474-79

441. Plowright RC, Owen RE. 1980. The evolutionary significance of bumble bee color patterns: a mimetic interpretation. Evolution 34:622-37

442. Poole RW. 1970. Habitat preferences of some species of a Müllerian-mimicry complex in Northern Venezuela, and their effects on evolution of mimic-wing pattern. J. New York Entomol. Soc. 78:121-29

443. Pough FH. 1988. Mimicry of vertebrates: are the rules different? Amer. Nat. 131, Supplement:S67-S102

444. Pough FH, Brower LP, Meck HR, Kessel SR. 1973. Theoretical investigations of automimicry: multiple trial learning and the palatability spectrum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 70:2261-65

445. Pough FH, Brower LP, Meck HR, Kessell SR. 1973. Theoretical investigations of automimicry: multiple trial learning and the palatability spectrum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 70:2261-65

446. Pough HF, Brower LP. 1977. Predation by birds on great southern white butterflies as a function of palatability, sex and habitat. Amer. Midl. Nat. 98:50-58

447. Poulton EB. 1885. The essential nature of the colouring of phytophagous larvae (and their pupae); with an account of some experiments upon the relation between the colour of such larvae and that of their food-plants. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 237:269-315

448. Poulton EB. 1886. A further enquiry into a special colour relation between the larva of Smerinthus ocellatus and its food-plants. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 243:135-73

449. Poulton EB. 1887. Experimental proof of value of colour in insects. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 17:191-274

450. Poulton EB. 1887. An inquiry into the cause and extent of a special colour relation between certain exposed lepidopterous pupae and the surfaces which immediately surround them. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 42:94-108

451. Poulton EB. 1890. The Colours of Animals. London: Trübner & Co Ltd

452. Poulton EB. 1891. On an interesting example of protective mimicry discovered by Mr. W.L. Sclater in British Guiana. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1891:462-64

453. Poulton EB. 1892. Further experiments upon the colour-relation between certain lepidopterous larvae, pupae, cocoons, and imagines and their surroundings. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1892:293-487

454. Poulton EB. 1903. A brief discussion of A.H. Thayer's suggestions as the the meaning of colour and pattern in insect bionomics. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1903:570-75

455. Poulton EB. 1908. Essays on Evolution 1889-1907. Oxford: Clarendon Press. xlviii + 479 pp.

456. Punnett RC. 1915. Mimicry In Butterflies. Cambridge: Camb. UP

457. Raymond DL. 1984. Wild birds prefer the familiar of striped and unstriped artificial prey. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 23:229-35

458. Reimchen TE. 1979. Substratum heterogeneity, crypsis, and colour polymorphisms in an intertidal snail (Littorina mariae). Canad. J. Zool. 57:1070-85

459. Remington JE, Remington CL. 1957. Mimicry, a test of evolutionary theory. Yale Scientific Magazine 23:10-21

460. Remington JE, Remington CL. 1957. Mimicry, a test of evolutionary theory. Yale Scientific Magazine 32:10-21

461. Rettenmeyer CW. 1970. Insect mimicry. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 15:43-74

462. Reznick D, Travis J. 1996. The empirical study of adaptation in natural populations. In Adaptation, ed. MR Rose, GV Lauder:243-89. San Diego: Academic Press

463. Ricklefs RE, O'Rourke K. 1975. Aspect diversity in moths: a temperate-tropical comparison. Evolution 29:313-24

464. Ritland DB. 1991. Revising a classic butterfly mimicry scenario: demonstration of Müllerian mimicry between Florida viceroys (Limenitis archippus floridensis) and queens (Danaus gilippus berenice). Evolution 45:918-34

465. Ritland DB. 1991. Unpalatability of the viceroy butterfly (Limenitis archippus) and its purported mimicry model, the Florida queen (Danaus gilippus). Oecologia (Berl.) 88:102-8

466. Ritland DB. 1994. Variations in the palatability of queen butterflies (Danaus gilippus) and implications regarding mimicry. Ecology 75:732-46

467. Ritland DB. 1995. Comparative unpalatability of mimetic viceroy butterflies (Limenitis archippus) from four south-eastern United States populations. Oecologia (Berl.) 103:327-36

468. Ritland DB, Brower LP. 1991. The viceroy butterfly is not a Batesian mimic. Nature 350:497-98

469. Robbins RK. 1980. The lycaenid "false head" hypothesis: historical review and quantitative analysis. J. Lepid. Soc. 34:194-208

470. Robbins RK. 1981. The "false head" hypothesis: predation and wing pattern variation of lycaenid butterflies. Amer. Nat. 118:770-75

471. Robbins RK. 1985. Independent evolution of "false head" behavior in Riodinidae. J. Lepid. Soc. 39:224-25

472. Robinson R. 1971. Lepidoptera Genetics. Oxford: Pergamon Press

473. Roper P. 1993. Buddleia butchery - the response from members. Butterfly Conserv. News 54:28-30

474. Roper TJ. 1990. Responses of domestic chicks to artificially coloured insect prey: effects of previous experience and background colour. Anim. Behav. 39:466-73

475. Roper TJ. 1993. Effects of novelty on taste-avoidance learning in chicks. Behaviour 125:265-81

476. Roper TJ. 1994. Conspicuousness of prey retards reversal of learned avoidance. Oikos 69:115-18

477. Roper TJ, Cook SE. 1989. Responses of chicks to brightly coloured insect prey. Behaviour 110:276-93

478. Roper TJ, Redston S. 1987. Conspicuousness of distasteful prey affects the strength and durability of one-trial avoidance learning. Anim. Behav. 35:739-47

479. Rose MJ, Barthlott W. 1994. Colored pollen in Cactaceae -- a mimetic adaptation to hummingbird pollination. Botanica Acta 107:402-6

480. Rose MR, Nusbaum TJ, Chippindale AK. 1996. Laboratory evolution: the experimental wonderland and the Cheshire Cat syndrome. In Adaptation, ed. MR Rose, GV Lauder:221-41. San Diego: Academic Press

481. Rosenberg G. 1991. Aposematism and synergistic selection in marine gastropods. Evolution 45:451-54

482. Rothschild M. 1963. Is the buff ermine a mimic of the white ermine? Proc. Roy. Entomol. Soc. Lond. A 38:159-64

483. Rothschild M. 1971. Speculations about mimicry with Henry Ford. In Ecological Genetics and Evolution, ed. ER Creed:202-23. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific

484. Rothschild M. 1972. Secondary plant substances and warning coloration in insects. In Insect/Plant Relationships, ed. HF Van Emden:59-83. Oxford: Blackwell

485. Rothschild M. 1978. Mimicry, butterflies and plants, Manuscript, for book chapter.

486. Rothschild M. 1981. The mimicrats must move with the times. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 16:21-23

487. Rothschild M. 1984. Aide memoire mimicry. Ecol. Entomol. 9:311-19

488. Rothschild M. 1985. British aposematic Lepidoptera. In The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, ed. J Heath, AM Emmet, 2. Cossidae-Heliodinidae:9-62. Great Horkesley, Essex: Harley Books

489. Rothschild M. 1991. Is the viceroy a Batesian mimic? Nature 355:611-12

490. Rothschild M. 1993. Phytochemical selection of aposematic insects. Phytochem 33:1037

491. Rothschild M, Edgar JA. 1978. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Senecio vulgaris sequestered and stored by Danaus plexippus. J. Zool. 186:347-49

492. Rothschild M, Marsh N, Gardiner B. 1978. Cardioactive substances in the monarch butterfly and Euploea core reared on leaf-free artificial diet. Nature 275:649-50

493. Rothschild M, Moore BP, Brown WV. 1984. Pyrazines as warning odour components in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, and in moths of the genus Zygaena and Amata (Lepidoptera). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 23:375-80

494. Rothschild M, Rowan MG, Fairbairn JW. 1977. Storage of cannabinoids by Arctia caja and Zonocerus elegans fed on chemically distinct strains of Cannabis sativa. Nature 266:650-51

495. Rowe C, Guilford T. 1996. Hidden colour aversions in domestic chicks triggered by pyrazine odours of insect warning displays. Nature 383:520-22

496. Rowland WJ. 1979. The use of color in intraspecific communication. In The Behavioral Significance of Color, ed. EH Burtt:379-421. New York and London: Garland STPM Press

497. Roy BA. 1993. Floral mimicry by a plant pathogen. Nature 362:56-58

498. Rubinoff I, Kropach C. 1970. Differential reactions of Atlantic and pacific predators to sea snakes. Nature 228:1288-90

499. Rydell J, Entwistle A, Racey PA. 1996. Timing of foraging flights of three species of bats in relation to insect activity and predation risk. Oikos 76:243-52

500. Sargent TD. 1995. On the relative acceptabilities of local butterflies and moths to local birds. J. Lepid. Soc. 49:148-62

501. Sbordoni V, Bullini L, Scarpelli G, Forestiero S, Rampini M. 1979. Mimicry in the burnet moth Zygaena ephialtes : population studies and evidence of a Batesian-Müllerian situation. Ecol. Entomol. 4:83-93

502. Schoener TW. 1979. Inferring the properties of predation and other injury-production agents from injury frequencies. Ecology 60:1110-15

503. Schuler W. 1982. Zur Funktion von Warnfarben: die Reaktion junger Stare auf wespenähnlich schwarz-gelbe Attrappen. Z. Tierpsychol. 58:66-78

504. Schuler W, Hesse E. 1985. On the function of warning coloration: a black and yellow pattern inhibits prey-attack by naive domestic chicks. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 116:249-55

505. Schuler W, Roper TJ. 1992. Responses to warning coloration in avian predators. Adv. Stud. Behav. 21:111-46

506. Schulte R. 1980. Der Prachtgiftfrosch -- Dendrobates silverstonei. Aquarien Magazin 1980:113-17

507. Schulte R. 1981. Dendrobates bassleri -- Freilandbeobachtungen, Haltung und Zucht. Herpetofauna 3:xxx-

508. Schulte R. 1986. Eine neue Dendrobates-Art aus Ostperu (Amphibia: Salientia: Dendrobatidae). Sauria 8(3):11-20

509. Servedio MR. 1998. Preferences, signals, and evolution: theoretical studies of mate choice copying, reinforcement, and aposematic coloration. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Texas at Austin

510. Shemske DW, Ågren J. 1995. Deceipt pollination and selection on female flower size in Begonia involucrata -- an experimental approach. Evolution 49:207-14

511. Sheppard PM. 1958. Natural Selection and Heredity. London: Hutchinson

512. Sheppard PM. 1959. The evolution of mimicry: a problem in ecology and genetics. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 24:131-40

513. Sheppard PM. 1961. Some contributions to population genetics resulting from the study of Lepidoptera. Adv. Genet. 10:165-216

514. Sheppard PM. 1975. Natural Selection and Heredity. London: Hutchinson & Co Ltd. 4th ed.

515. Sheppard PM, Turner JRG. 1977. The existence of Müllerian mimicry. Evolution 31:452-53

516. Sheppard PM, Turner JRG, Brown KS, Benson WW, Singer MC. 1985. Genetics and the evolution of muellerian mimicry in Heliconius butterflies. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 308:433-613

517. Shreeve TG. 1984. Habitat selection, mate location, and microclimatic contraints on the activity of the speckled wood butterfly Pararge aegeria. Oikos 42:371-77

518. Silberglied RE. 1984. Visual communication and sexual selection among butterflies. In The Biology of Butterflies, ed. RI Vane-Wright, PR Ackery:207-23. 11 in Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London. London: Academic Press

519. Silberglied RE, Aiello A, Windsor DM. 1980. Disruptive coloration in butterflies: lack of support in Anartia fatima. Science 209:617-19

520. Sillén-Tullberg. 1988. The evolution of gregariousness in distasteful insects as a defense against predators. Amer. Nat. 132:723-34

521. Sillén-Tullberg B. 1985. Higher survival of an aposematic than of a cryptic form of a distasteful bug. Oecologia (Berl.) 67:411-15

522. Sillén-Tullberg B. 1985. The significance of coloration per se, independent of background, for predator avoidance of aposematic prey. Anim. Behav. 33:1382-84

523. Sillén-Tullberg B. 1988. Evolution of gregariousness in aposematic butterfly larvae: A phylogenetic analysis. Evolution 42:293-305

524. Sillén-Tullberg B. 1990. Do predators avoid groups of aposematic prey? An experimental test. Anim. Behav. 40:856-60

525. Sillén-Tullberg B. 1992. Does gregariousness reduce attacks on aposematic prey? A reply to Cooper. Anim. Behav. 43:165-67

526. Sillén-Tullberg B. 1993. The effect of biased inclusion of taxa on the correlation between discrete characters in phylogenetic trees. Evolution 47:1182-91

527. Sillén-Tullberg B, Bryant EH. 1983. The evolution of aposematic coloration in distateful prey: an individual selection model. Evolution 37:993-1000

528. Sillén-Tullberg B, Hunter AF. 1996. Evolution of larval gregariousness in relation to repellant defences and warning coloration in tree-feeding Macrolepidoptera: a phylogenetic analysis based on independent contrasts. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 57:253-76

529. Sillén-Tullberg B, Leimar O. 1988. The evolution of gregariousness in distasteful insects as a defense against predators. Amer. Nat. 132:723-34

530. Sillén-Tullberg B, Wiklund C, Järvi T. 1982. Aposematic coloration in adults and larvae of Lygaeus equestris and its bearing on müllerian mimicry: an experimental study on predation on living bugs by the great tit Parus major. Oikos 39:131-36

531. Sillén-Tullberg B, Wiklund C, Järvi T. 1983. On the mutual protection between Müllerian mimics: a reply to Paxton and Harvey. Oikos 41:147-48

532. Smiley JT. 1978. The host plant ecology of Heliconius butterflies in Northeastern Costa Rica. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Texas at Austin

533. Smiley JT, Gilbert LE. 1994. Habitat segregation in coexisting mimicry complexes. Unknown xx:000-000

534. Smith DAS. 1973. Batesian mimicry between Danaus chrysippus and Hypolimnas misippus (Lepidoptera) in Tanzania. Nature 242:129-31

535. Smith DAS. 1973. Negative non-random mating in the polymorphic butterfly Danaus chrysippus in Tanzania. Nature 242:131-32

536. Smith DAS. 1975. All-female broods in the polymorphic butterfly Danaus chrysippus L. and their ecological significance. Heredity 34:363-71

537. Smith DAS. 1975. Genetics of some polymorphic forms of the African butterfly Danaus chrysippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Entomol. Scand. 6:134-44

538. Smith DAS. 1976. Evidence for meiotic drive in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus L. Heredity 36:139-42

539. Smith DAS. 1976. Phenotypic diversity, mimicry and natural selection in the African butterfly Hypolimnas misippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 8:183-204

540. Smith DAS. 1979. The significance of beak marks on the wings of an aposematic butterfly. Nature 281:215-16

541. Smith DAS. 1981. Heterozygous advantage expressed through sexual selection in a polymorphic African butterfly. Nature 289:174-75

542. Smith DAS. 1997. Colour genes as markers for migratory activity: the butterfly Danaus plexippus in Africa. Oikos 78:127-35

543. Smith DAS. 1998. Non-mendelian segregation and variable penetrance of colour genes in the polymorphic butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.). Heredity 80:474-80

544. Smith DAS, Gordon IJ. 1987. The genetics of the butterfly Hypolimnas misippus(L.): the classification of forms misippus and inaria. Heredity 59:467-75

545. Smith DAS, Gordon IJ, Depew LA, Owen DF. 1998. Genetics of the butterfly Danaus plexippus (L.) in a broad hybrid zone, with special reference to sex ratio, polymorphism and intragenomic conflict. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 65:1-40

546. Smith DAS, Owen DF, Gordon IJ, Lowis NK. 1997. The butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.) in East Africa: polymorphism and morph-ratio clines within a complex, extensive and dynamic hybrid zone. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 120:51-78

547. Smith DAS, Owen DF, Gordon IJ, Owiny AM. 1993. Polymorphism and evolution in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danainae). Heredity 71:242-51

548. Smith SM. 1975. Innate recognition of coral snake pattern by a possible avian predator. Science 187:759-60

549. Speed MP. 1993. Muellerian mimicry and the psychology of predation. Anim. Behav. 45:571-80

550. Speed M. 1993. When is mimicry 'good' for predators? Anim. Behav. 46:1246-48

551. Speed MP. 1996. The evolution of mimicry: a study in behaviour, ecology and evolution. In Geographical International Seminars: The First Romanian-British Geographical Seminar, ed. A Erderli, WC Chambers:127-41. Bucharest: University of Bucharest

552. Speed MP. 1998. Mistakes not necessary for Mullerian mimicry. Nature 396:323

553. Speed MP. 1999. Robot predators in virtual ecologies: the importance of memory in mimicry studies. Anim. Behav. xx:000-000

554. Speed MP. 1999. Robot predators, receiver psychology, and doubts about Muellerian mimicry: comments on MacDougall and Dawkins. Anim. Behav. xxx:000-000

555. Speed MP, Turner JRG. 1999. Learning and memory in mimicry: II. Do we understand the mimicry spectrum? Biol. J. Linn. Soc. xx:000-000

556. Srygley RB. 1994. Locomotor mimicry in butterflies? The associations of positions of centres of mass among groups of mimetic, unprofitable prey. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 343:145-55

557. Srygley RB. 1998. Locomotor mimicry in Heliconius butterflies: contrast analyses of flight morphology and kinematics. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 353:1-13

558. Srygley RB, Chai P. 1990. Flight morphology of Neotropical butterflies: palatability and the distribution of mass to the thorax and abdomen. Oecologia (Berl.) 84:491-99

559. Srygley RB, Chai P. 1990. Predation and the elevation of thoracic temperature in brightly colored neotropical butterflies. Amer. Nat. 135:766-87

560. Srygley RB, Kingsolver JG. 1998. Red-wing blackbird reproductive behaviour and the palatability, flight performance, and morphology of temperate pierid butterflies (Colias, Pieris, and Pontia). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 64:41-55

561. Stamp NE. 1981. Behaviour of parasitized aposematic caterpillars: advantageous to the parasitoid or the host? Amer. Nat. 118:715-25

562. Stamp NE, Casey TM, eds. 1993. Caterpillars. Ecological and Evolutionary Constraints on Foraging. New York: Chapman and Hall. xiv + 587 pp.

563. Stamp NE, Wilkens RT. 1993. On the cryptic side of life: being unapparent to enemies and the consequences for foraging and growth of caterpillars. In Caterpillars. Ecological and Evolutionary Constraints on Foraging, ed. NE Stamp, TM Casey:283-330. New York: Chapman and Hall

564. Sternburg JG, Waldbauer GP, Jeffords MR. 1977. Batesian mimicry: selective advantage of color pattern. Science 195:681-83

565. Stewart AJA, Lees DR. 1987. Genetic control of colour polymorphism in spittlebugs (Philaenus spumarius) differs between isolated populations. Heredity 59:445-48

566. Stradling DJ. 1976. The nature of the mimetic patterns of the brassolid genera Caligo and Eryphanis. Ecol. Entomol. 1:135-38

567. Sulak KJ. 1975. Cleaning behavior in the centrarchid fishes, Lepomis macrochirus and Micropterus salmoides. Anim. Behav. 23:331-34

568. Sundberg P. 1987. A possible mechanism for the evolution of aposematic coloration in solitary nemerteans (phylum Nemertea). Oikos 48:289-96

569. Sword GA. 1999. Density-dependent warning ccoloration. Nature 397:217

570. Swynnerton CMF. 1915. Birds in relation to their prey: experiments on wood hoopoes, small hornbills, and a babbler. J. S. Afr. Ornith. Union 11:32-108

571. Tengö J, Bergström G. 1977. Cleptoparasitism and odor mimetism in bees: do Nomada males imitate the odor of Andrena females? Science 196:1117-19

572. Terborgh J, Weske JS. 1969. Colonization of secondary habitats by Peruvian birds. Ecology 50:765-82

573. Thompson V. 1973. Spittlebug polymorphic for warning coloration. Nature 242:126-28

574. Thompson V. 1974. Reply to: spittlebug morph mimics avian excrement. Nature 250:352-53

575. Thompson V. 1984. Polymorphism under apostatic and aposematic selection. Heredity 53:677-86

576. Tinbergen L. 1960. The natural control of insects in pinewoods. I. Factors influencing the intensity of predation in songbirds. Archs. Neerl. Zool. 13:265-343

577. Tovée MJ, Bowmaker JK, Mollon JD. 1992. The relationship between cone pigments and behavioural sensitivity in a New World monkey (Callithrix jacchus jacchus). Vision Res. 2:867-78

578. Travis DS, Bowmaker JK, Mollon JD. 1988. Polymorphism of visual pigments in a callitrichid monkey. Vision Res. 28:481-90

579. Trigo JR, Brown KS. 1990. Variation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Ithomiinae: a comparative study between species feeding on Apocynaceae and Solanaceae. Chemoecology 1:22-29

580. Trötschel P. 1995. Cuckoo. BBC Wildlife 13:47

581. Tullrot A. 1994. The evolution of unpalatability and warning colour in soft-bodied marine invertebrates. Evolution 48:925-28

582. Tullrot A, Sundberg P. 1991. The conspicuous nudibranch Polycera quadrilineata: aposematic coloration and individual selection. Anim. Behav. 41:175-76

583. Turner JRG. 1964. Evolution of complex polymorphism and mimicry in distateful South American butterflies. Proc. XII Int. Cong. Entomol. London 1964:267

584. Turner JRG. 1965. Evolution of complex polymorphism and mimicry in distasteful South American butterflies. Proc. XII Int. Cong. Entomol. London 1964:267

585. Turner JRG. 1968. Some new Heliconius pupae: their taxonomic and evolutionary significance in relation to mimicry (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). J. Zool. 155:311-25

586. Turner JRG. 1970. Mimicry: a study in behaviour, genetics, ecology and biochemistry. Sci. Prog., Oxford 58:219-35

587. Turner JRG. 1971. Studies of Müllerian mimicry and its evolution in burnet moths and heliconid butterflies. In Ecological Genetics and Evolution, ed. E.R. Creed:224-60. Oxford: Blackwell

588. Turner JRG. 1975. Communal roosting in relation to warning colour in two heliconiine butterflies (Nymphalidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 29:221-26

589. Turner JRG. 1976. Adaptive radiation and convergence in subdivisions of the butterfly genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 58:297-308

590. Turner JRG. 1976. Muellerian mimicry: classical "beanbag" evolution and the role of ecological islands in adaptive race formation. In Population Genetics and Ecology, ed. S Karlin, E Nevo:185-218. New York: Academic Press

591. Turner JRG. 1977. Butterfly mimicry -- genetical evolution of an adaptation. Evol. Biol. 10:163-206

592. Turner JRG. 1977. Forest refuges and ecological islands: disorderly extinctions and the adaptive radiation of Muellerian mimics. In Biogeographie et Evolution en Amérique Tropicale, ed. H Descimon:98-117. 9 in Publications du Laboratoire de Zoologie de L'ecole Normale Superieure. Paris

593. Turner JRG. 1978. Why male butterflies are non-mimetic: natural selection, sexual selection, group selection, modification and sieving. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 10:385-432

594. Turner JRG. 1979. Oscillation of gene frequencies in Batesian mimics: a correction. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 11:397-98

595. Turner JRG. 1980. Oscillations of frequency in Batesian mimics, hawks and doves, and other simple frequency dependent polymorphisms. Heredity 45:113-26

596. Turner JRG. 1981. Adaptation and evolution in Heliconius: a defense of neo-Darwinism. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 12:99-121

597. Turner JRG. 1982. How do refuges produce tropical diversity? Allopatry and parapatry, extinction and gene flow in mimetic butterflies. In Biological Diversification in the Tropics, ed. GT Prance:309-35. New York: Columbia Univ. Press

598. Turner JRG. 1983. Mimetic butterflies and punctuated equilibria: some old light on a new paradigm. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 20:277-300

599. Turner JRG. 1984. Darwin's coffin and Doctor Pangloss -- do adaptationist models explain mimicry? In Evolutionary Ecology, ed. B Shorrocks:313-61. 23 in Symposium of the British Ecological Society. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific

600. Turner JRG. 1984. Extinction as a creative force: the butterflies of the rainforest. In Tropical Rain-Forest. The Leeds Symposium, ed. AC Chadwick, SL Sutton:195-204. Leeds, UK: Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society

601. Turner JRG. 1984. Mimicry: the palatability spectrum and its consequences. In The Biology of Butterflies, ed. RI Vane-Wright, PR Ackery:141-61. 11 in Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society of London. London: Academic Press

602. Turner JRG. 1987. The evolutionary dynamics of Batesian and Müllerian mimicry: similarities and differences. Ecol. Entomol. 12:81-95

603. Turner JRG. 1988. The evolution of mimicry: a solution to the problem of punctuated equilibrium. Amer. Nat. 131, Supplement:S42-66

604. Turner JRG. 1995. Mimicry as a model for coevolution. In Biodiversity and Evolution, ed. R Arai, M Kato, Y Doi:131-50. Tokyo: National Science Museum Foundation

605. Turner JRG, Crane J. 1962. The genetics of some polymorphic forms of the butterflies Heliconius melpomene Linnaeus and Heliconius erato Linnaeus. I. Major genes. Zoologica, N.Y. 47:141-52

606. Turner JRG, Johnson MS. 1980. Sex-limited mimicry: sexual selection, or gene dosage, or both? Heredity 45:137

607. Turner JRG, Kearney EP, Exton LS. 1984. Mimicry and the Monte Carlo predator: the palatability spectrum and the origins of mimicry. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 23:247-68

608. Turner JRG, Mallet JLB. 1996. Did forest islands drive the diversity of warningly coloured butterflies? Biotic drift and the shifting balance. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 351:835-45

609. Turner JRG, Speed MP. 1996. Learning and memory in mimicry. I. Simulations of laboratory experiments. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 351:1157-70

610. Vander Meer RK, Wojcik DP. 1982. Chemical mimicry in the myrmecophilous beetle Myrmecaphodius excavalicollis. Science 218:806-8

611. Van Der Pijl L. 1982. Principles of Dispersal in Higher Plants. Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag

612. Vane-Wright RI. 1975. An integrated classification for polymorphism and sexual dimorphism in butterflies. J. Zool. 177:329-37

613. Vane-Wright RI. 1976. A unified classification of mimetic resemblances. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 8:25-56

614. Vane-Wright RI. 1979. Towards a theory of the evolution of butterfly colour patterns under directional and disruptive selection. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 11:141-52

615. Vane-Wright RI. 1984. The role of pseudosexual selection in the evolution of butterfly colour patterns. In The Biology of Butterflies, ed. RI Vane-Wright, PR Ackery:251-53. London: Academic Press

616. Vane-Wright RI, Ackery PR, Smiles RL. 1975. The distribution, polymorphism and mimicry of Heliconius telesiphe (Doubleday) and the species of Podotricha Michener (Lepidoptera: Heliconiinae). Trans. Roy. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 126:611-36

617. Vane-Wright RI, Boppré M. 1993. Visual and chemical signalling in butterflies: functional and phylogenetic perspectives. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 340:197-205

618. Van Someren VGL, Jackson THE. 1959. Some comments on protective resemblance amongst African lepidoptera (Rhopalocera). J. Lepid. Soc. 13:121-50

619. Vasconcellos-Neto J. 1988. Genetics of Chelymorpha cribraria, Cassidinae: colour patterns and their ecological meaning. In Biology of the Chrysomelidae, ed. P Jolivet, E Petitpierre, TH Hsiao:217-32. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers

620. Wade MJ. 1979. The evolution of social interactions by family selection. Amer. Nat. 113:399-417

621. Waldbauer GP. 1988. Aposematism and batesian mimicry. Evol. Biol. 22:227-59

622. Waldbauer GP. 1988. Asynchrony between Batesian mimics and their models. Amer. Nat. 131:s103-21

623. Waldbauer GP, Sheldon JK. 1971. Phenological relationships of some aculeate Hymenoptera, their dipteran mimics, and insectivorous birds. Evolution 25:371-82

624. Waldbauer GP, Sternburg JG. 1975. Saturniid moths as mimics: an alternative interpretation of attempts to demonstrate mimetic advantage in nature. Evolution 29:650-58

625. Waldbauer GP, Sternburg JG. 1983. A pitfall in using painted insects in studies of protective coloration. Evolution 37:1085-86

626. Wallace. 1867. Untitled. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 5

627. Wallace. 1878. The colours of plants and the origin of the colour-sense. In Tropical Nature, ed. :395-415.

628. Wallace AR. 1865. On the phenomena of variation and geographical distribution as illustrated by the Papilionidae of the Malayan region. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 25:1-71

629. Wallace AR. 1867. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond., 3 3:lxxx-i

630. Wallace AR. 1867. Mimicry and other protective resemblances among animals. Westminster and Foreign Quarterly Review 32(1):1-43

631. Wallace AR. 1870. Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection. A series of Essays. London: Macmillan

632. Wallace AR. 1878. Tropical Nature and Other Essays. London: MacMillan

633. Wallace AR. 1891. The colors of animals and sexual selection. In Natural Selection and Tropical Nature, ed. :338-94. London: Macmillan

634. Wallace AR. 1891. Mimicry, and other protective resemblances among animals. In Natural Selection and Tropical Nature, ed. :34-90. London: Macmillan

635. Watson T. 1993. A balancing act in predatory fishes. Science 260:161

636. Weary DM, Guilford TC, Weisman RG. 1993. A product of discriminative learning may lead to female preferences for elaborate males. Evolution 47:333-36

637. West DA. 1994. Unimodal Batesian polymorphism in the neotropical swallowtail butterfly Eurytides lysithous (Hbn.). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 52:197-224

638. West DA, Clarke CA. 1988. Suppression of the black phenotype in females of the P. glaucus group (Papilionidae). J. Res. Lepid. 26:187-200

639. West DA, Hazel WN. 1979. Natural pupation sites of two swallowtail butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilioninae): Papilio polyxenes Fabr., P. glaucus L. and Battus philenor (L.). Ecol. Entomol. 4:387-92

640. Wickler W. 1968. Mimicry in Plants and Animals. New York: McGraw Hill

641. Wiklund C, Järvi T. 1982. Survival of distasteful insects offer being attaced by naive birds: a reappraisal of the theory of aposematic coloration evolving through individual selection. Evolution 36:998-1002

642. Wiklund C, Sillén-Tullberg B. 1985. Why distasteful butterflies have aposematic larvae and adults, but cryptic pupae: evidence from predation experiments on the monarch and European swallowtail. Evolution 39:1155-58

643. Williams KS, Gilbert LE. 1981. Insects as selective agents on plant vegetative morphology: egg mimicry reduces egg laying by butterflies. Science 212:467-69

644. Williams MB. 1989. Evolvers are individuals: extension of the species as individuals claim. In What the Philosophy of Biology is, ed. M Ruse:301-8. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers

645. Williams PH. 1985. A preliminary cladistic investigation of relationships among the bumble bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Syst. Entomol. 10:239-55

646. Williams PH. 1988. Habitat use by bumble bees (Bombus spp.). Ecol. Entomol. 13:223-37

647. Wourms MK, Wasserman FE. 1985. Bird predation on Lepidoptera and the reliability of beak-marks in determining predation pressure. J. Lepid. Soc. 39:239-61

648. Wyman RL, Ward JA. 1972. A cleaning symbiosis between the cichlid fishes Etroplus maculatus and Etroplus suratensis I. Description and possible evolution. Copeia 1972:834-38

649. Yachi S, Higashi M. 1998. How can warning signals evolve in the first place? Nature 394:882-84

650. Young AM. 1971. Wing coloration and reflectance in Morpho butterflies as related to reproductive behaviour and escape from avain predators. Oecologia (Berl.) 7:209-22

651. Young AM. 1972. Interactions of Philaethria dido (Heliconiinae) and Victorina steneles (Nymphalinae) at Stachytarpheta flowers in Costa Rica: Evidence against mimetic association. Acta Biol. Venez. 8:1-17

652. Young AM. 1972. Mimetic associations of tropical butterflies II. Mimetic interactions of Battus polydamus and Battus belus. Biotropica 4:17-27

Return to Jim Mallet's home page